Terminology - Glossary

Industrial Terms, Words, Descriptions

Steel, Welding, Machining Industry

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Parkway Manufacturing Company, Inc.

707 Industry Drive 

Hampton, VA - 23661

Phone - (757) 896-9712

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Abrasion Resistant Steel

Steel plate, with it's high Brinell Hardness ( BHN ) ratings, is particularly suited to the mining equipment, earth moving equipment, ore and aggregate processing, road building equipment manufacturing and fabrication industries.   AR (abrasion resistant) steel wear plates are produced with a special process utilizing electric furnaces, ladle refining, ultra low sulfur content, vacuum degassing, fine grain practice and calcium treatment for inclusion shape control, resulting in alloy steel wear plates with unsurpassed qualities.   Steel is an metal composed of iron plus varying amounts of carbon and/or other alloy elements such as chromium, nickel, tungsten, manganese, and so on. Different types of steel - that is, steel with different properties and characteristics - are produced by adjusting the chemical composition and adapting any of the different stages of the steel making process, such as rolling, finishing and heat treatment.  As each of these factors can be modified, there is potentially no limit to the number of different steel recipes that can be created. Currently there are over 3,000 catalogued grades or chemical compositions of steel available.  Among the classes of abrasion resistant materials are abrasion resistant(AR) steel plates, austenitic manganese steel castings, chromium and chromium molybdenum white irons as plain castings and in laminated forms and also chromium carbide and tungsten carbide overlaid wear plates. 

Abrasion Resistant Wear Plates

Steel plate, with it's high Brinell Hardness ( BHN ) ratings, is particularly suited to the mining equipment, earth moving equipment, ore and aggregate processing, road building equipment manufacturing and fabrication industries.   AR (abrasion resistant) steel wear plates are produced with a special process utilizing electric furnaces, ladle refining, ultra low sulfur content, vacuum degassing, fine grain practice and calcium treatment for inclusion shape control, resulting in alloy steel wear plates with unsurpassed qualities.   Among the classes of abrasion resistant materials are abrasion resistant (AR) steel plates, austenitic manganese steel castings, chromium and chromium molybdenum white irons as plain castings and in laminated forms and also chromium carbide and tungsten carbide overlaid wear plates.  Abrasion Resistant Wear Plates are normally installed in machinery and equipment in areas where high abrasion would erode ordinary steel.  Abrasion Resistant Wear Plates are expected to wear out, and are normally easy to replace as frequently as necessary.

Aggregate Processing

The process of crushing, grinding, washing, moving, loading and unloading highly abrasive stones, coal, gravel, road-building aggregate, railroad ballast stone, and other similar materials.  These materials, their conveying and feeding equipment, and their processing are inherently abrasive and tend to wear out certain components very quickly.  AR Steel plate, with it's high Brinell Hardness ( BHN ) ratings, is particularly suited to the mining equipment, earth moving equipment, ore and aggregate processing, road building equipment manufacturing and fabrication industries.   Among the classes of abrasion resistant materials are abrasion resistant (AR) steel plates, austenitic manganese steel castings, chromium and chromium molybdenum white irons as plain castings and in laminated forms and also chromium carbide and tungsten carbide overlaid wear plates.  Abrasion Resistant Wear Plates are normally installed in machinery and equipment in areas where high abrasion would erode ordinary steel.  Abrasion Resistant Wear Plates are expected to wear out, and are normally easy to replace as frequently as necessary.

AR Steel

Steel plate, with it's high Brinell Hardness ( BHN ) ratings, is particularly suited to the mining equipment, earth moving equipment, ore and aggregate processing, road building equipment manufacturing and fabrication industries.   AR (abrasion resistant) steel wear plates are produced with a special process utilizing electric furnaces, ladle refining, ultra low sulfur content, vacuum degassing, fine grain practice and calcium treatment for inclusion shape control, resulting in alloy steel wear plates with unsurpassed qualities.   Steel is an metal composed of iron plus varying amounts of carbon and/or other alloy elements such as chromium, nickel, tungsten, manganese, and so on. Different types of steel - that is, steel with different properties and characteristics - are produced by adjusting the chemical composition and adapting any of the different stages of the steel making process, such as rolling, finishing and heat treatment.  As each of these factors can be modified, there is potentially no limit to the number of different steel recipes that can be created. Currently there are over 3,000 catalogued grades or chemical compositions of steel available.  Among the classes of abrasion resistant materials are abrasion resistant(AR) steel plates, austenitic manganese steel castings, chromium and chromium molybdenum white irons as plain castings and in laminated forms and also chromium carbide and tungsten carbide overlaid wear plates. 

CAD

Computer-Aided Design
Computer Aided Design - a high-tech aid to mechanical design which can be automated into programmable machines for machine shop operations, precision machining, and other automatic operations; the software used in art, architecture, engineering, and manufacturing to assist in precision drawing (see CAM; CAD/CAM). 

CAD/CAM

Abbreviation of Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (see CAM; CAD/CAM). 

CAM

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (or Computer-Aided Machining)
Computer Automated Manufacturing - the mechanism for coverting CAD-generated drawings into the specific machine related computer instructions to automatically create the component (see CAD; CAD/CAM)

Fabrication

fabru' keyshun (noun)
The act of constructing something (as a piece of machinery); the act of making something (a product) from raw materials
Syn: assembly, manufacture, construction.

Flame

Flame applications for cutting process use an oxy-fuel (typically oxy-acetylene) flame and straight oxygen as a cutting jet to separate the metal. This process is used on carbon steels and sometimes on stainless steels.  Oxy-fuel cutting and welding products include oxy-acetylene and oxy-fuel welding and cutting apparatus.  These products cover the full range of needs from general industrial to heavy duty mill and foundry requirements.

Flame Cutting

Flame applications for cutting process use an oxy-fuel (typically oxy-acetylene) flame and straight oxygen as a cutting jet to separate the metal. This process is used on carbon steels and sometimes on stainless steels.  Oxy-fuel cutting and welding products include oxy-acetylene and oxy-fuel welding and cutting apparatus.  These products cover the full range of needs from general industrial to heavy duty mill and foundry requirements.

Gantry

The gantry is stiff, often mounted overhead, and its motions are accurate and repeatable. It can be positioned to trace a computer cut within 0.2mm.  Many CAM-driven machine tools and cutting tools use gantry's to facilitate high-tolerance precision cutting, especially for complex patterns.

Machine Finish

ma·chine fin·ish (noun)
A particularly smooth surface, made by a machine.

Machine Shop

ma·chine shop (plural ma·chine shops)(noun)
a workshop where various materials, especially metals, are cut, shaped and worked, often to tight specifications using machine tools

Machine Tool

ma·chine tool (plural ma·chine tools)(noun) ma·chine-tooled (adjective)
metal-finishing machine: a machine such as a lathe or grinder, used for shaping and finishing metals and other solid materials

Machinery

ma·chin·er·y ma sheenaree (noun>)
1. mechanical engineering mechanical parts: the aggregate parts that make up a machine or group of machines
2. mechanical engineering machines: machines collectively or in general
3. system of machines: a system of machines working together

Machine Screw

ma·chine screw (plural ma·chine screws) (noun>)
machine-cut screw: a slotted or hexagonal-headed screw with a standardized thread used to connect machine parts together

Machinist

ma·chin·ist [ma seenist] (plural ma·chin·ists) (noun)
1. somebody who machines something: somebody whose job involves machining something or operating a machine or machine tool, especially in a factory
2. machine maker or repairer: somebody who makes or repairs machines

Manufacturing

 (noun) a business engaged in manufacturing some product
Syn: Manufacturer; Maker; Factory; Mill; Assembly Plant; Foundry; Metalworks; Steelworks; Production; Making; Construction; Creation

MIG

Metal inert gas (MIG).  The shielding gas will have a substantial effect on the stability of the arc and metal transfer and the behaviour of the weld pool, in particular, its penetration. General purpose shielding gases for MIG welding are mixtures of argon, oxygen and CO 2 , and special gas mixtures may contain helium. The gases which are normally used for the various materials are: (For ferrous Steels) CO 2, argon +2 to 5% oxygen, argon +5 to 25% CO 2; (For Aluminum and other non-ferrous metals) argon, argon / helium,

MIG Welding

Metal inert gas (MIG) Welding.  MIG welding is similar to MMA in that heat for welding is produced by forming an arc between a metal electrode and the workpiece; the electrode melts to form the weld bead. The main differences are that the metal electrode is a small diameter wire fed from a spool and an externally supplied shielding gas is necessary. As the wire is continuously fed, the process is often referred to as semi-automatic welding.   The manner, or mode, in which the metal transfers from the electrode to the weld pool largely determines the operating features of the process. There are three principal metal transfer modes: Short circuiting; Droplet / spray; and Pulsed.  Short-circuiting and pulsed metal transfer are used for low current operation while spray metal transfer is only used with high welding currents. In short-circuiting or "dip" transfer, the molten metal forming on the tip of the wire is transferred by the wire dipping into the weld pool. This is achieved by setting a low voltage; for a 1.2mm diameter wire, arc voltage varies from about 17V (100A) to 22V (200A). Care in setting the voltage and the inductance in relation to the wire feed speed is essential to minimize spatter. Inductance is used to control the surge in current which occurs when the wire dips into the weld pool.  For droplet or spray transfer, a much higher voltage is necessary to ensure that the wire does not make contact i.e. short-circuit, with the weld pool; for a 1.2mm diameter wire, the arc voltage varies from approximately 27V (250A) to 35V (400A). The molten metal at the tip of the wire transfers to the weld pool in the form of a spray of small droplets (about the diameter of the wire and smaller). However, there is a minimum current level, threshold, below which droplets are not forcibly projected across the arc. If an open arc technique is attempted much below the threshold current level, the low arc forces would be insufficient to prevent large droplets forming at the tip of the wire. These droplets would transfer erratically across the arc under normal gravitational forces. The pulsed mode was developed as a means of stabilizing the open arc at low current levels i.e. below the threshold level, to avoid short-circuiting and spatter. Metal transfer is achieved by applying pulses of current, each pulse having sufficient force to detach a droplet. Synergic pulsed MIG refers to a special type of controller which enables the power source to be tuned (pulse parameters) for the wire composition and diameter, and the pulse frequency to be set according to the wire feed speed.

Mill Finish

mill fin·ish (noun)
A particularly smooth surface, made by a machine.

Manual Metal Arc Welding

Manual Metal Arc welding (MMA)(MMAW)(SMAW).  Also known as Stick Integral Pulse Welding (SMAW).  - or - old fashioned "arc welding."  Manual arc welding or MMA welding for short, is characterized by the arc arcing between a melting electrode and the molten bath.  The MMA Metal arc welding is performed manually using a coated electrode.  Protection against the atmosphere comes from the electrode. In this case the electrode is both the arc carrier and the welding additive. The coating forms slag and/or shielding gas, which among other things protects the drop being transferred and protects the molten pool against the ingress of the atmospheric gases oxygen nitrogen and hydrogen.

MMA

Manual Metal Arc welding.   Also known as Stick Integral Pulse Welding or Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW).  - or - old fashioned "arc welding."

MMA Welding

Manual Metal Arc welding (SMAW).  Also known as Stick Integral Pulse Welding (SMAW).  - or - old fashioned "arc welding."  Manual arc welding or MMA welding for short, is characterized by the arc arcing between a melting electrode and the molten bath.  The MMA Metal arc welding is performed manually using a coated electrode.  Protection against the atmosphere comes from the electrode. In this case the electrode is both the arc carrier and the welding additive. The coating forms slag and/or shielding gas, which among other things protects the drop being transferred and protects the molten pool against the ingress of the atmospheric gases oxygen nitrogen and hydrogen.

Oxy-Fuel Cutting - Oxyfuel cutting - oxyacetylene cutting

The oxyfuel process is the most widely applied industrial thermal cutting process because it can cut thicknesses from 0.5mm to 2,500mm, the equipment is low cost and can be used manually or mechanized. There are several fuel gas and nozzle design options that can significantly enhance performance in terms of cut quality and cutting speed.  Basically, a mixture of oxygen and the fuel gas is used to preheat the metal to its 'ignition' temperature which, for steel, is 700?C - 900?C (bright red heat) but well below its melting point. A jet of pure oxygen is then directed into the preheated area instigating a vigorous exothermic chemical reaction between the oxygen and the metal to form iron oxide or slag. The oxygen jet blows away the slag enabling the jet to pierce through the material and continue to cut through the material.  As stainless steel, cast iron and non-ferrous metals form refractory oxides ie the oxide melting point is higher than the material, powder must be injected into the flame to form a low melting point, fluid slag.

Plasma Cutting

In simplest terms, plasma cutting is a process that uses a high velocity jet of ionized gas that is delivered from a constricting orifice. The high velocity ionized gas, that is, the plasma, conducts electricity from the torch of the plasma cutter to the work piece. The plasma heats the workpiece, melting the material. The high velocity stream of ionized gas mechanically blows the molten metal away, severing the material.   While different gasses can be used for plasma cutting, most people today use compressed air for the plasma gas. In most shops, compressed air is readily available, and thus plasma does not require fuel gas and compressed oxygen for operation.  This process uses an electric arc to cut the metal, and is widely used on any metal to obtain good cut properties and high productivity.  Plasma cutting can be performed on any type of conductive metal - mild steel, aluminum and stainless are some examples. With mild steel, operators will experience faster, thicker cuts than with alloys.  Plasma cutting is typically easier for the novice to master, and on thinner materials, plasma cutting is much faster than oxyfuel cutting. However, for heavy sections of steel (1 inch and greater), oxyfuel is still preferred since oxyfuel is typically faster and, for heavier plate applications, very high capacity power supplies are required for plasma cutting applications.  These can be hand-held, manual, machine-driven, or Computer driven.  Computer driven plasma cutting machines require gantry-controllers.  Well-equipped plasma cutting machines typically combine gantry driven, flame, and plasma cutting on the same foundation.  Most computer-driven plasma cutting machines can have CAD/CAM cutting files loaded directly from the engineer's computer (via an interface program, for the specific machine).  Also known as Plasma Arc Cutting.

Precision

pri'sizhun (noun)
The quality of being reproducible; allowing for, made with, or requiring great exactness or accuracy;  "he handled it with the preciseness of an automaton"; "precision of measurements".
Syn: Preciseness; Exactness.  Ant: Imprecise

Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Stick Integral Pulse Welding, Manual Metal Arc welding (MMA or MMAW).  - or just - old fashioned "arc welding."  Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is the most widely used electric arc welding process and the first type to use consumable electrodes. The process also is referred to as manual metal arc welding (MMAW). Shielded metal arc welding uses heat that is produced by an electric arc to melt the metals. The electric arc is maintained between
the welding joint at the surface of the base metal and the tip of the covered welding electrode. During operation, the core rod conducts electric current to produce the arc and provides filler metal for the joint. The core of the covered electrode consists of either a solid metal rod of drawn or cast material or a solid metal rod fabricated by encasing metal powders in a metallic sheath. The electrode covering provides stability to the arc and protects the molten metal by the creation of shielding gases from the vaporization of the electrode cover. The arc characteristics of the electrode and the mechanical properties, chemical composition, and metallurgical structure of the weld are influenced by the type of shielding used, along with other ingredients within the covering and core wire. Each type of electrode used in SMAW has a different type of electrode covering, depending on the application. The advantages of the SMAW process include its simplicity, low cost, portability, and the fact that a shielding gas is not needed. One restriction of SMAW is that the deposition cycle is normally less than for processes using continuous electrodes.

SMAW

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Stick Integral Pulse Welding, Manual Metal Arc welding (MMA or MMAW).  - or just - old fashioned "arc welding."

SMAW Welding

Stick Integral Pulse Welding or Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Manual Metal Arc welding (MMA or MMAW).  - or - old fashioned "arc welding."  Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is the most widely used electric arc welding process and the first type to use consumable electrodes. The process also is referred to as manual metal arc welding (MMAW). Shielded metal arc welding uses heat that is produced by an electric arc to melt the metals. The electric arc is maintained between
the welding joint at the surface of the base metal and the tip of the covered welding electrode. During operation, the core rod conducts electric current to produce the arc and provides filler metal for the joint. The core of the covered electrode consists of either a solid metal rod of drawn or cast material or a solid metal rod fabricated by encasing metal powders in a metallic sheath. The electrode covering provides stability to the arc and protects the molten metal by the creation of shielding gases from the vaporization of the electrode cover. The arc characteristics of the electrode and the mechanical properties, chemical composition, and metallurgical structure of the weld are influenced by the type of shielding used, along with other ingredients within the covering and core wire. Each type of electrode used in SMAW has a different type of electrode covering, depending on the application. The advantages of the SMAW process include its simplicity, low cost, portability, and the fact that a shielding gas is not needed. One restriction of SMAW is that the deposition cycle is normally less than for processes using continuous electrodes.

Stick Integral Pulse Welding

Stick Integral Pulse Welding or Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Manual Metal Arc welding (MMA or MMAW).  - or - old fashioned "arc welding."  Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is the most widely used electric arc welding process and the first type to use consumable electrodes. The process also is referred to as manual metal arc welding (MMAW). Shielded metal arc welding uses heat that is produced by an electric arc to melt the metals. The electric arc is maintained between
the welding joint at the surface of the base metal and the tip of the covered welding electrode. During operation, the core rod conducts electric current to produce the arc and provides filler metal for the joint. The core of the covered electrode consists of either a solid metal rod of drawn or cast material or a solid metal rod fabricated by encasing metal powders in a metallic sheath. The electrode covering provides stability to the arc and protects the molten metal by the creation of shielding gases from the vaporization of the electrode cover. The arc characteristics of the electrode and the mechanical properties, chemical composition, and metallurgical structure of the weld are influenced by the type of shielding used, along with other ingredients within the covering and core wire. Each type of electrode used in SMAW has a different type of electrode covering, depending on the application. The advantages of the SMAW process include its simplicity, low cost, portability, and the fact that a shielding gas is not needed. One restriction of SMAW is that the deposition cycle is normally less than for processes using continuous electrodes.

TIG

TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas).

TIG Welding

This process has many advantages to offer, including only slight deformations of workpieces and a limited heat affected zone.  Experience true weld control and precision with TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding. The TIG process lets you weld thinner material than other processes. If you want to solve problems related to burn-through or warping when Stick or wire welding, TIG might be the solution. TIG also provides excellent fusion. While it's hard to learn, takes a lot of skill and is slow, the quality of a TIG weld bead meets the needs of aerospace, power piping and other critical applications. TIG also produces the best looking weld beads, which is why it is often specified when cosmetic appearances really count — and why TIG welding operators are considered the artists of the welding world.  In the TIG process the arc is formed between a pointed tungsten electrode and the workpiece in an inert atmosphere of argon or helium. The small intense arc provided by the pointed electrode is ideal for high quality and precision welding. Because the electrode is not consumed during welding, the welder does not have to balance the heat input from the arc as the metal is deposited from the melting electrode. When filler metal is required, it must be added separately to the weldpool.

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Parkway Manufacturing, Inc.

707 Industry Drive

 Hampton, Virginia - 23661

Owner:  Walter Schultz

Manager: Barbara Mastej

Phone - (757) 896-9712

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Parkway Manufacturing, Precision Fabrication and Machine shop is located in Hampton Virginia (VA) and serves all of Southeast Virginia and Northeast North Carolina, including: All of Tidewater VA, Virginia Beach Va. Norfolk Va. Chesapeake Va. Newport News Va. Portsmouth Va. Hampton Va. Yorktown Va.  Suffolk Va. Williamsburg Va. Richmond, Va. Elizabeth City NC, and Jacksonville NC. (North Carolina)

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